An engine is a machine designed to convert one form of energy to mechanical energy. It converts heat from burning gas into the wheel. Petrol, Vapour, and Compressed Air burns rapidly.
The internal combustion engine are those eat engines that burn inside the cylinder, and the external combustion engine burns things outside of the cylinder. The engine is the heart of an automobile.
Main parts are cylinder block, cylinder pan, oil pan, manifold, gasket, piston, piston ring, piston pin, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, flywheel, rod bearing, main bearing, and bearing caps.
Cylinder block consists of 3 parts:
1. Cylinder where pistons slid up/down
2. Port/opening for valve
3. Passages for cooling valve.
It's usually made of Aluminium or Grey cast iron, with timing gear, water pump, ignition distributed, flywheel, fuel pump are also attached to it.
Coolant passages are provider for cylinder walls for circulation of cooling waters. Also carries lubrication components to other areas.
The cylinder head is attached to the cylinder block which contains a combustion head above each chamber. It is attached to cylinder block providing a tight leakproof joint for head and block. It contains valve guides, cooling jackets, and threaded holes.
There's loop flow type, offset cross flow type, and inline cross flow type. The inlet and exhaust manifolds are same side which facilitates heating of intake air. In offset, the inlet and exhaust manifolds are placed on different side. In inlined, the valve is positioned transversely.
The oil pan and the lower part of cylinder block is the crankcase, which the crankshaft is fitted here, made of grey cast iron and aluminium. It's shaped like a box having no bottom surface, providing support for bearing of crankshaft.
The bottom half of the crankcase is the oil pan. The oilpan serves as both ventilation and cooling. It's made of pressed steel sheet and the oil pump draws to oil pan and sends thigns to every part of system.
There are separate sets of pipes to cylinder head which carries air resources and exhaust. It is made to withstand high temperature of exhaust gas. It goes from intake goes through engine to cylinder head. It is made of cast iron. Air goes through air intake through throttle body, which then carries air fuel mixture from carburetor to the cylinders. The exhaust manifold carries gases from cylinder to exhaust.
Gaskets provide tight fitting joint between 2 cylinders. There are cylinder head, manifold, oil pan, and pump gaskets.
Cylinder liners are made out of special alloy iron with silicon, manganese, nickel, and chromium, which are resistant to corrosion. There are 2 types available, dry liners and wet liners. Dry liner is made in a shape of a barrel with flange on the top. These are machined accurately. Wet liners are in direct contact with cooling water. These are user to avoid cylinder wear.
Piston helps to convert energy into power, transferring the power to the crank shaft. It has 3 to 5 piston rings from the cylinder wall and piston. The material used is cast iron or aluminimum alloy. Cylinder wall helps reduce friction and the space between is tiny (0.1mm).
Piston rings are fitted into piston and the function of it is to form a seal for high pressure. There are 2 types of piston rings, 2 to 4 compression rings and 1 to 4 oil control rings.
Connecting rod converts the motion of the piston into the rotary motion of crankshaft and it usually has I-beam and has a solid cylinder. The big end is always split and used to connect the crank pin of the crankshaft.
The piston pin is used to connect the small end of the connecting rod and the piston. Mainly there are 3 types, the set screw type, semi sfloated, and fully floating pin.
The crankshaft is the engine component from which power is taken, the first part of the power transmission system, which the heating is converted into the rotating motion with help of connecting rod, made of casting and foraging of heated alloy steel. The front end carries 3 devides, a gear that drives, vibration damper, and pulley. This pulley drives the engine. The rear end carries the flywheel, tends to keep crankshaft running at constant.
A camshaft is a shaft where cams are routed, responsible for opening of the valves. It is driven by the crankshaft, and turns at half the speed of crankshaft. There's a gear drive, chain drive, and belt drive.
The flywheel used in transmission is a heavy steel wheel attached to rear end of crank shaft. Inertia tends to keep crankshaft running at constant speed.
Engine valves control timing of airfuel mixture. These are essential to control the timing of airfuel mixture located on inlet and outlet and t he valves fit on valve eats.
The 4 Stoke Cycle:
When a pistono travels to the end of it's range, that's a stroke.
1. Intake - The piston descends, sucking in airfuel mexture through intake port with both valves open
2. Compression: with valves closed piston comes up
3. Power stroke - Electrical spark ignites compressed fuel/air and connecting rod transfers this powers to crank shaft.
4. Piston pushes results out through exhaust port.
Camshafts, push spring loaded values together, and cam gears with timing valves links everything to crakshaft, which has counterwaights for perfectly placed revoluations.
The engine block holds the crankshaft/cylinder. Cylinder head holds valves, orts, cans, etc.
A flywhel sits at one side of the crankshaft for connection to transmission. There are many Possible configurations (V6, V8 Engine) but despite different design goals, the basic engine parts are all there.
Air comes in through the air filter and then into the intake manifold where it mixes with fuel before being sucked to the cylinders through intake port.
The fuel pump carries cas from the tank through a fuel filter, then to the engine, where fuel injectors emit precistely timed spray of gas into the intake port.
Engines get very hot during operations, requireing a cooling system. Coolean channels carry a special liquid called Antifreeze to keep temperatures within operating range. Coolant then circles through the radiator while air blows by the tubes, cooling the hot liquid for recirculation. A water pump keeps the coolant system flowing and properly pressurized. The thermostat regulates coolant temperature by routing coolant to the engine or back to radiator.
ELECTRICAL:
The spark plug delivers the electrical spark that ignites the fuel-air mixture. The coil pack delivers electrical current to the spark plugs, as directed by the ECM (Engine Control Module, which is a computer that directs many core engine functions (Spark timing, valve open/close, air to fuel ratios). The alternator converts mechanitcal energy into electricity. The battery provides power to the starter for engine start.
Motor oil is used to cooil the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts. Oil galleries are channels that carry oil through various parts, which flows through engine and back to oil pan. The oil pump keeps oil properly pressurized and flowing, and oil filter keeps oil clean from contaminants.
The exhaust manifold collects gases from multiple cylinders through one pipe. It flows through a catalytic converter, capturing toxic chemicals in engine exhaust, and finally out through a muffler reducing exhaust noise. Here's the final engine:
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